Ingalls Building
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Image:Ingalls building cincinnati 2006.jpg became the worlds first reinforced concrete skyscraper in 1903]] The Ingalls Building built in 1903 in Cincinnati, Ohio was the worlds first reinforced concrete skyscraper The 15 story building was designed by the Cincinnati Architecture firm Elzner & Anderson and was named for its primary financial investor, Melville E. Ingalls The building was considered a daring Structural engineering feat at the time, but its success contributed to the acceptance of concrete construction in high-rise buildings in the United States. The Ingalls building is bordered by East 4th Street and Vine Street in the Cincinnati Central Business District

Overcoming skepticism

Prior to 1902, the tallest reinforced concrete structure in the world was only six stories high. Since concrete possesses very low tensile strength many people from both the public and the engineering community believed that a concrete tower as tall as the plan for the Ingalls Building would collapse under wind loads or even its own weight. When the building was completed and the supports removed, one reporter allegedly stayed awake through the night in order to be the first to report on the buildings demise. Ingalls and engineer Henry N. Hooper were convinced, however, that Ernest L. Ransome s system of casting Rebar inside of concrete slabs as reinforcement (patented in 1884) and casting slab, beams and joists as a unit would allow them to create a rigid structure. The architects also prized the cost savings and fireproofing advantages of concrete over steel frame construction. Finally, after two years of convincing, city officials issued Ingalls a building permit and the work began.

Construction

Hooper designed a monolithic "concrete box of eight-inch 200 mm] walls, with concrete floors and roof, concrete beams, concrete columns, concrete stairs -- no steel. It consists merely of bars embedded in concrete, with the ends interlaced." (Ali) The amount of concrete produced during construction -- 100 cubic yards (76 m³) in each ten-hour shift -- was limited by the rate at which the builders could place it. An extra wet mix was used to insure complete contact with the rebars and uniform density in the columns. Floor slabs were poured without joints at the rate of three stories per month. Columns measured 30 by 34 inches (760 by 860 mm) for the first ten floors and 12 inches (300 mm) square for the rest. Three sets of forms were used, rotating from the bottom to the top of the building when the concrete had cured. Completed in eight months, the finished building measures 50 by 100 feet (15 by 30 m) at its base and 210 feet (64 m) tall. The exterior concrete walls are eight inches thick (200 mm) in unbroken slabs 16 feet (5 m) square with a Masonry veneer 4 to 6 inches (100 to 150 mm) thick. The Beaux Arts (architecture) Classical exterior is covered on the first three stories with white marble on the next eleven stories with Glazing in construction gray brick and on the top floor and Cornice (architecture) with glazed white Glazed architectural terra-cotta

Landmark status

Image:Ingallsplaque.jpg Still in use today, the building was designated a List of historic civil engineering landmarks in 1974 by the American Society of Civil Engineers In 1975, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places

See also

*List of historic civil engineering landmarks

References

* Mir M. Ali (2001). Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers: from Ingalls to Jin mao http://www.civag.unimelb.edu.au/ejse/Archives/Fulltext/200101/01/20010101.htm Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering] * Concrete Tower Scrapes Skies(February, 1999). http://enr.construction.com/advertise/aboutUs/125enrHistory/990201.asp Engineering News-Record] * Ingalls Building http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id122033 Emporis.com] * Ingalls Building http://www.asce.org/history/build_ingalls.swf History and Heritage of Civil Engineering]. American Society of Civil Engineers Category:Skyscrapers in Cincinnati, Ohio Category:Concrete pioneers Category:National Register of Historic Places in Cincinnati, Ohio Category:Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks