| birthplace Vienna Austria | deathdate | deathplace U.S. | yearsactive 1930–1958, 1990 | spouse Friedrich Mandl (1933–1937) (divorced)
Gene Markey (1939–1941) (divorced) 1 child
John Loder (actor) (1943–1947) (divorced) 2 children
Teddy Stauffer (1951–1952) (divorced)
W. Howard Lee (1953–1960) (divorced)
Lewis J. Boies (1963–1965) (divorced) }} Hedy Lamarr (IPA Heɪdiː; commonly Hɛdi) (November 9, 1913 – January 19, 2000) was an Austria -born American actress of Jewish descent. Though known primarily for her film career as a major Star system (filmmaking) of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer s Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer#MGM.27s_golden_age she also co-invented an early technique for spread spectrum communications, a key to many forms of wireless communication.lt;/ref>

Early life and career in Europe

Lamarr was born Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler in Vienna Austria-Hungary to Jew sh parents Gertrud (née Lichtwitz), a pianist and Budapest native who came from the "Jewish haute bourgeoisie , and Lemberg born Emil Kiesler, a successful bank director.http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-78975068.html HIGH CLASS WHORE.(actress Hedy Lamarr) | Article from CineAction | HighBeam Research]http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_productAK&s_siteohio&p_multiAK&p_themerealcities&p_actionsearch&p_maxdocs200&p_topdoc1&p_text_direct-00EB6D5639CBDD2C6&p_field_direct-0document_id&p_perpage10&p_sortYMD_date:D&s_trackvalGooglePM Search Results] She studied ballet and piano at age 10. When she worked with Max Reinhardt in Berlin he called her the "most beautiful woman in Europe". Soon the teenage girl played major roles in German movies alongside stars like Heinz Rühmann and Hans Moser (actor) In early 1933 she starred in Gustav Machatý s notorious film [[Ecstasy (film)|Ecstasy]] a Czechoslovakia film made in Prague in which she played the love-hungry young wife of an indifferent old husband. Closeups of her face and long shots of her running nude through the woods gave the film notoriety. On 10 August 1933 she married Friedrich Mandl a Vienna based arms manufacturer 13 years her senior. In her autobiography Ecstasy and Me Lamarr described Mandl as an extremely controlling man who sometimes tried to keep her shut up in their mansion. The Austrian bought as many copies of [[Ecstasy (film)|Ecstasy]]as he could possibly find, objecting to her in the film, and "the expression on her face". (Lamarr later claimed the looks of passion were the result of the director poking her in the bottom with a safety pin.)lt;/ref> Mandl prevented her from pursuing her acting career, and instead took her to meetings with technicians and business partners. In these meetings, the mathematically talented Lamarr learned about military technology. Otherwise she had to stay at the castle Schloss Schwarzenau She later related that, even though Mandl was part-Jew sh, he was consorting with Nazi industrialists, which infuriated her. In Ecstasy and Me Lamarr wrote that dictators Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler both attended Mandls grand parties. She related that in 1937 she disguised herself as one of her maids and fled to Paris, where she obtained a divorce, and then moved on to London. According to another version of the episode, she persuaded Mandl to allow her to attend a party wearing all her expensive jewelry, later drugged him with the help of her maid, and made her escape out of the country with the jewelry.

Movie career in Hollywood

First she went to Paris, then met Louis B. Mayer in London After he hired her, at his insistence, she changed her name to Hedy Lamarr, choosing the surname in homage to a beautiful film star of the silent era, Barbara La Marr who had died in 1926 from a drug overdose. Image:Her Highness and the Bellboy trailer.JPG in [[Her Highness and the Bellboy]](1945)]] In Hollywood, she was usually cast as glamorous and seductive. Her American debut was in [[Algiers (film)|Algiers]](1938). Her many films include [[Boom Town (film)|Boom Town]](1940), [[White Cargo]](1942), and [[Tortilla Flat (film)|Tortilla Flat]](1942), based on the novel by John Steinbeck White Cargo one of Lamarrs biggest hits at MGM, contains arguably her most famous film quote, "I am Tondelayo". In 1941, she was cast alongside two other Hollywood beauties, Lana Turner and Judy Garland in the musical extravaganza [[Ziegfeld Girl (film)|Ziegfeld Girl]] She made 18 films from 1940 to 1949 even though she had two children during that time (in 1945 and 1947). She left MGM in 1945; Lamarr enjoyed her biggest success as Delilah in Cecil B. DeMille s [[Samson and Delilah (1949 film)|Samson and Delilah]] the highest-grossing film of 1949, with Victor Mature as the Samson However, following her comedic turn opposite Bob Hope in [[My Favorite Spy]](1951), her career went into decline. She appeared only sporadically in films after 1950, one of her last roles being that of Joan of Arc in Irwin Allen s critically panned epic [[The Story of Mankind]](1957). The publication of her autobiography [[Ecstasy and Me]](1967) took place about a year after accusations of shoplifting and a year after Andy Warhol s short film Hedy(1966), also known as The Shoplifter The controversy surrounding the shoplifting charges coincided with a failed return to the screen in Picture Mommy Dead(1966). The role was ultimately filled by Zsa Zsa Gabor [[Ecstasy and Me]]begins in a despondent mood, with reference to this: In the ensuing years, Lamarr retreated from public life, and settled in Florida She returned to the headlines in 1991 when the 78-year-old former actress was again accused of shoplifting $21.00 worth of goods, although charges were eventually dropped. Lamarr became a naturalized citizen of the United States on April 10, 1953. For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Hedy Lamarr has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6247 Hollywood Blvd.lt;/ref>

Frequency-hopping spread-spectrum invention

Avant garde composer George Antheil a son of German immigrants and neighbor of Lamarr, had experimented with automated control of musical instruments, including his music for [[Ballet Mecanique]] originally written for Fernand Léger s 1924 abstract film. This score involved multiple player piano playing simultaneously. Together, Antheil and Lamarr submitted the idea of a secret communication systemin June 1941. On August 11, 1942, was granted to Antheil and "Hedy Kiesler Markey", Lamarrs married name at the time. This early version of frequency hopping used a piano roll to change between 88 frequencies and was intended to make radio-guided torpedo s harder for enemies to detect or jam. The idea was not implemented in the USA until 1962, when it was used by U.S. military ships during a blockade of Cubahttp://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/biography/lamarr.html IEEE - Hedy Lamarr, 1914 - 2000]lt;/ref> after the patent had expired. Perhaps owing to this lag in development, the patent was little-known until 1997, when the Electronic Frontier Foundation gave Lamarr an award for this contribution. In 1998, Ottawa wireless technology developer Wi-LAN, Inc. "acquired a 49 percent claim to the patent from Lamarr for an undisclosed amount of stock" (Eliza Schmidkunz, Inside GNSS;Player Pianos, Sex Appeal, and Patent #2,292,387, Inside GNSS September 2006 http://www.insidegnss.com/node/303 Antheil had died in 1959. Lamarrs and Antheils frequency-hopping idea serves as a basis for modern spread spectrum such as COFDM used in Wi-Fi network connections and CDMA used in some cordless and wireless telephones.http://people.deas.harvard.edu/~jones/cscie129/nu_lectures/lecture7/hedy/lemarr.htm MicroTimes: The Birth Of Spread Spectrum] Blackwell, Martin, and Vernams 1920 patent Secrecy Communication System(http://www.google.com/patents?idNIpJAAAAEBAJ&printsecabstract&zoom4&sourcegbs_overview_r&cad0#vonepage&q&ffalse 1598673]) seems to lay the communications groundwork for Kiesler and Antheils patent which employed the techniques in the autonomous control of torpedoes. Lamarr wanted to join the National Inventors Council but she was told that she could better help the war effort by using her celebrity status to sell War Bonds She once raised $7,000,000 at just one event. For several years during the 1990s, the boxes of the current CORELDRAW software suites were graced by a large Corel-drawn image of Hedy Lamarr, in tribute to her pre-computer scientific discoveries. These pictures were winners in CORELDRAWs yearly software suite cover design contests. Far from being flattered, however, Lamarr sued Corel for using the image without her permission. Corel countered that she did not own rights to the image. They reached an undisclosed settlement in 1999.UPI (April 7, 1998): "Hedy Lamarr Sues Corel" http://hedylamarr.at/news1e.html]

Death

Lamarr died in Altamonte Springs, Florida (near Orlando, Florida on January 19, 2000. Her son Anthony Loder took her ashes to Austria and spread them in the Wienerwald forest, in accordance with her wishes.

Legacy

Image:John Hodiak and Hedy Lamarr in A Lady Without Passport trailer.JPG (1950)]] In 2003, the Boeing corporation ran a series of recruitment ads featuring Hedy Lamarr as a woman of science. No reference to her film career was made in the ads.Ivanis 2003 In 2004, the game Half-Life 2 which contains many references to important names, situations and facts in science, made an homage to Hedy, by giving the name Lamarr to Dr. Kleiner beloved pet headcrab Later on in the game, Dr. Kleiner specifically refers to the pet as Hedy. In 2005, the first Inventor's Day in German language speaking countries was held in her honor on November 9, on what would have been her 92nd birthday.

Marriages and romances

Briefly engaged to the German actor, Fred Doederlein and later, actor George Montgomery (actor) in 1942."Hedy Lamarr Engaged: Screen Star, 27, to Be Bride of George Montgomery, 25", The New York Times, 25 March 1942, p. 23 Lamarr was also married to: * Friedrich Mandl (1900–1977), married 1933–1937; chairman of Hirtenberger Patronen-Fabrik, a leading armaments firm founded by his father, Alexander Mandl. Mandl, partially of Jewish descent, was a supporter of Austrofascism although not Nazism. * Gene Markey (1895–1980), screenwriter and producer, married 1939–1941; son (adopted in 1941, after their divorce), James Lamarr Markey (b. 1939)."Hedy Lamarr Adopts Baby Boy", The New York Times, 5 November 1941, p. 30 When Lamarr and Markey divorced — she claimed they had only spent four evenings alone together in their marriage — the judge advised her to get to know any future husband longer than the four weeks she had known Markey. * John Loder (actor) (born John Muir Lowe, 1898–1988), actor, married 1943–1947; two children: Anthony Loder (b. 1947) and Denise Loder (b. 1945). Loder adopted Hedys son, James Lamarr Markey, and gave him his surname. James Lamarr Loder later challenged Hedy Lamarrs will in 2000, which did not mention him. He later dropped his suit against the estate in exchange for a lump-sum payment of $50,000. Anthony Loder is featured in the European documentary film Calling Hedy Lamarr(2004).http://www.mischief-films.com/sub2.php?ID1&SE Calling Hedy Lamarr], Mischief Films * Teddy Stauffer (1909–1991), nightclub owner, restaurateur, and former bandleader, married 1951–1952. * W. Howard Lee (1909–1981), a Texas oilman, married 1953–1960. In 1960, he later married film star Gene Tierney * Lewis J. Boies (b. 1920), a lawyer (her divorce lawyer), married 1963–1965. The final affair mentioned in [[Ecstasy and Me]]is when Lamarr is around fifty and is with a much younger man, an artist called Pierre who Lamarr describes as a very handsome young man ... he was a sensitive man; I liked him immediately. During this affair, Lamarr collaborated with Pierre on his paintings and lives a somewhat bohemian lifestyle In the new house we didnt have electricity or gas and it was freezing cold. We found a few candles and we sat near them trying to keep warm ... we just painted, made love and ate once in a while.

Filmography

*Das Geld liegt auf der Straße(Money on the Street 1930 in film *Die Frau von Lindenau(Storm in a Water Glass 1931 in film *Die Abenteuer des Herrn O. F.(The Adventures of Mr. O. F. 1931) *Man braucht kein Geld(We Need No Money 1932 in film *Ekstase / Symphonie der Liebe([[Ecstasy (film)|Ecstasy]] 1933 in film *[[Algiers (film)|Algiers]](1938 in film (http://www.archive.org/details/Algiers_ download or play it]) *Hollywood Goes to Town(1938) (short subject) *Screen Snapshots: Stars at a Charity Ball(1939 in film (short subject) *[[Lady of the Tropics]](1939) *[[I Take This Woman (1940 film)|I Take This Woman]](1940 in film *[[Boom Town (film)|Boom Town]](1940) *[[Comrade X]](1940) * Come Live with Me (1941 in film *[[Ziegfeld Girl (film)|Ziegfeld Girl]](1941) *[[H.M. Pulham, Esq. (film)|H.M. Pulham, Esq.]](1941) *[[Tortilla Flat (film)|Tortilla Flat]](1942 in film *[[Crossroads (1942 film)|Crossroads]](1942) *[[White Cargo]](1942) *[[Show Business at War]](1943 in film (short subject) *[[The Heavenly Body]](1944 in film *The Conspirators(1944) *[[Experiment Perilous]](1944) *[[Her Highness and the Bellboy]](1945 in film *[[The Strange Woman]](1946 in film (http://www.archive.org/details/Strange_Woman_movie download or play it]) *[[Dishonored Lady]](1947 in film (http://www.archive.org/details/dishonored_lady download or play it]) *[[Lets Live a Little]] (1948 in film *[[Samson and Delilah (1949 film)|Samson and Delilah]](1949 in film *[[A Lady Without Passport]](1950 in film *[[Copper Canyon]](1950) *[[My Favorite Spy]](1951 in film *[[The Eternal Female]](1954 in film (unfinished) *[[Loves of Three Queens]](1954) *[[The Story of Mankind (film)|The Story of Mankind]](1957 in film *[[The Female Animal]](1958 in film *[[Istant Karma]](1990

Personal life

*In 1965 Lamarr was arrested for shoplifting in Los Angeles; the charges were eventually dropped. In 1991 she was arrested on the same charge in Florida, this time for $21.48 worth of laxatives and eye drops. She pleaded "no contest" to avoid a court appearance, and in return for a promise to refrain from breaking any laws for a year, the charges were once again dropped.Orlando Sentinel(Oct. 24, 1991): "Hedy Lamarr Wont Face Theft Charges If She Stays In Line" http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1991-10-24/news/9110240390_1_hedy-lamarr-tabscott-stealing] Retrieved 2010-6-10 *According to her autobiography Ecstasy and Me(1966), once while running away from Friedrich Mandl, she slipped into a brothel and hid in an empty room. While her husband searched the brothel, a man entered the room and she had sex with him so she could remain hidden. She was finally successful in escaping when she hired a new maid who resembled her; she drugged the maid and used her uniform as a disguise to escape.Hedy Lamarr, with Leo Guild and Cy Rice, "Ecstasy and Me: My Life as a Woman", NY: Bartholomew House, 1966 Lamarr later sued the publisher claiming that many of the anecdote in the book, which was described by a judge as "filthy, nauseating, and revolting", were fabricated by its ghost writer Leo Guild."Hedy Lamarr Loses Suit to Halt Book", The New York Times 27 September 1966, p. 74"Lamarr Autobiography Prompts Plaigarism Suit", The New York Times February 1967, p. 18 *In an interview included in the DVD release of [[Blazing Saddles]](1974), Mel Brooks claims that Hedy Lamarr threatened to sue the producers. He says she believed the films running "Hedley Lamarr" joke infringed her right of publicity In one scene, Brooks character tells Hedley Lamarr "This is 1874; youll be able to sue her." Brooks says they legal settlement for a small sum.

Bibliography

* Barton, Ruth. Hedy Lamarr: The Most Beautiful Woman in Film Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2010. ISBN: 978-0-8131-2604-3.

See also

*List of Austrian scientists *List of Austrians *Inventor's Day

References

* "Hedy Lamarr", Half-Life2.net(December 13, 2004)http://www.halflife2.net/wiki/index.php/Hedy_Lamarr] Retrieved on 2008-12-21 * Robert A. Scholtz "The Origins of Spread-Spectrum Communications," IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 30, No. 5, May 1982, p. 822. * Robert Price, "Further Notes and Anecdotes on Spread-Spectrum Origins," IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 31, No. 1, January 1983, p. 85. *

External links

* http://www.hedylamarr.com/ Hedy Lamarr Site] * http://www.hedylamarr.org Hedy Lamarr foundation] * http://hedy-lamarr.org Hedy Lamarr fansite] * * * * * http://www.reelclassics.com/Actresses/Lamarr/lamarr.htm Hedy Lamarr at Reel Classics] * http://www.inventions.org/culture/female/lamarr.html Inventions.org page on Hedy Lamarr] * http://www.altfg.com/blog/archives/2007/02/13/hedy-lamarr-biographer-patrick-agan-discusses-the-legendary-hollywood-star/ Interview with Hedy Lamarr biographer Patrick Agan] * http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/1997/4/1997_4_10.shtml Advanced Weaponry of the Starsby Prof. Hans-Joachim Braun] Invention & Technology article about Hedy Lamarrs patent * http://www.inventors-day.com Annual Inventors Day on her Birthday] * http://www.guidebookgallery.org/splashes/coreldraw CorelDRAW splash screens] * http://www.youtube.com/watch?vYM1tEO3_09g Calling Hedy Lamarr(2004)] U.S. }} Category:Jewish actors Category:Austrian film actors Category:American film actors Category:Radio pioneers Category:Jewish inventors Category:Austrian scientists Category:American inventors Category:Women engineers Category:Austrian immigrants to the United States Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States Category:Austrian American Jews Category:Austrian Jews Category:Polish-Austrian Jews Category:Hungarian-Austrian Jews Category:People from Vienna Category:1914 births Category:2000 deaths bn:হেডি লেমার bs:Hedy Lamarr cs:Hedy Kieslerová da:Hedy Lamarr de:Hedy Lamarr el:Χέντι Λαμάρ es:Hedy Lamarr eo:Hedy Lamarr fr:Hedy Lamarr hr:Hedy Lamarr it:Hedy Lamarr he:הדי לאמאר hu:Hedy Lamarr nl:Hedy Lamarr ja:ヘディ・ラマー no:Hedy Lamarr pl:Hedy Lamarr pt:Hedy Lamarr ru:Хэди Ламарр simple:Hedy Lamarr sk:Hedy Lamarr sr:Хеди Ламар sh:Hedy Lamarr fi:Hedy Lamarr sv:Hedy Lamarr zh:海蒂·拉玛