When you decide to add a new cat to your home, its normally more exiting for you and your family than it is for the cat you already own. Although most cats are solitary by nature, most will also come to accept or eventually tolerate any additions. Cats can be very territorial, which is why you should always be careful when you introduce a new cat to your current cat. If you are introducing kittens to one another, the entire introduction process can be short, lasting as little as 10 15 days. Introducing cats to each other all depends on their temperament and their personality. When you introduce a new cat to your current cat, you should always make sure that you give your current cat plenty of love and attention. This way, your cat will feel secure and know that he is not in competition with your new cat for affection. When you bring your new cat home, you should let him stay in a safe room until you have finished introducing the cats.

Your safe room can be any small room in your home, such as a bathroom or spare bedroom. The key here is to use a room that your current cat does not go in. In the room, you should leave your new cat a scratching post, bed, water dish, litter box, and food dish. At first, your current cat may howl and hiss when he stands at the door, trying to tell the other cat that he does not belong. When this happens you should ignore it, as punishing your cat for his behavior will only lead to more problems. After a while, the first cat will start to act calm when he is near the new cats door. As he starts to act calm, you should pet him and give him praise. When your first cat starts to go by your new cats door and does not howl or hiss; you can start introducing them to each other. The best way to do this is to get them used to each others scent. You can start letting them eat out of the same food dish, although you will want to feed them at different intervals at first. This way, the scent of each cat will be present at the food dish, and each cat will get the scent when he eats his food. Once both cats have got used to the scent, you can begin to feed them closer together.

To do this, you should keep your new cat in the safe room with the door closed, and your first cat on the other side of the door with his food dish. This time, feed both cats at the same time. After doing this a few times, they should start eating without any hissing or growling. At this point, they are ready to be introduced to one another. When you introduce them to each other in the same room, a bit of growling and hissing is to be expected. Although they may be used to each others scent; your first cat will still feel a bit awkward with your new cat being in his territory. You should play with them both at first, so they can smell one another and greet in their own way. If they start to fight you should break them up, and give them some time apart. It may take some time to get them fully used to one another, although once they do they will become playmates for life. Cats love to be social, although it may be a bit rough at first, especially for your first cat. Cats can be very territorial, especially if you have a kitten around. If you get both of them used to each other early on it will be a lot easier to add future cats to your home.

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pp-move-indef}} lt;/ref> }} The domestic cat lt;ref name"MSW3fc">lt;/ref>lt;/ref> (Felis catus or Felis silvestris catus) is a small, usually [[fur]]ry, [[Domestication|domesticated]], and [[carnivore|carnivorous]] [[mammal]]. It is often called the housecat when kept as an indoor pet,{{cite book |url= http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/housecat |title=Housecat |work=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |edition=Education.Yahoo.com online |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |year=2010 |accessdate=6 October 2010 }} or simply the at when there is no need to distinguish it from other [[Felidae|felids]] and [[Felinae|felines]]. Cats are often valued by humans for companionship and their ability to hunt [[vermin]] and household pests. Cats are similar in [[Cat anatomy|anatomy]] to the other felids, with strong, flexible bodies, quick reflexes, sharp retractable claws, and teeth adapted to killing small prey. [[Cat senses]] fit a [[crepuscular]] and predatory [[ecological niche]]. Cats can hear sounds too faint or too high in [[frequency]] for human ears, such as those made by mice and other small game. They can see in near darkness. Like most other mammals, cats have poorer [[color vision]] and a better [[Olfaction|sense of smell]] than humans. Despite being solitary hunters, cats are a social species, and [[cat communication]] includes the use of a variety of [[Animal communication|vocalization]]s ([[meowing]], [[purr]]ing, [[Trill consonant|trilling]], hissing, [[growling]] and [[Guttural|grunting]]) as well as [[cat pheromone]]s and types of [[Cat body language|cat-specific body language]]. Cats have a rapid breeding rate. Under controlled breeding, they can be bred and shown as [[Cat registry|registered]] pedigree pets, a hobby known as [[cat fancy]]. Failure to control the breeding of pet cats by spaying and neutering, and the [[Abandoned pets|abandonment of former household pets]], has resulted in large numbers of [[feral cat]]s worldwide, requiring [[animal population control|population control]].{{Cite book |last=Rochlitz |first=Irene |title=The Welfare of Cats |series="Animal Welfare" series |year=2007 |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |pages=141–175 |isbn=1-4020-6143-9}} Since cats were [[Cats in ancient Egypt|cult animals in ancient Egypt]], they were commonly believed to have been domesticated there,{{Cite news |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/science/29cat.html |title=Study Traces Cats Ancestry to Middle East |last=Wade |first=Nicholas |date=29 June 2007 |work=New York Times |publisher=[[New York Times Company|NYTC]] |location=New York |accessdate=2 April 2008}} but there may have been instances of domestication as early as the [[Neolithic]].{{Cite news |title=Meet Helen and Aphrodite, Cypruss Indigenous Cats |author= |url= http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2009-11/03/content_8904093.htm |work=China Daily |date=3 November 2009 |accessdate=3 November 2009}} A genetic study in 2007 revealed that domestic cats are descended from [[African wildcat]]s ( Felis silvestris lybica) c. 8000 BCE, in the Middle East.{{cite web |title=Oldest Known Pet Cat? 9500-year-old Burial Found on Cyprus |url= http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/04/0408_040408_oldestpetcat.html |accessdate=6 March 2007 |date=8 April 2004 |work=National Geographic News |publisher=National Geographic Society }} According to Scientific American]], cats are the most popular pet in the world, and are now found almost every place where people live.{{cite web |url= http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-taming-of-the-cat |title=The Evolution of House Cats |work=Scientific American |first=Carlos A. |last=Driscoll |coauthors=Clutton-Brock, Juliet; Kitchener, Andrew C.; OBrien, Stephen J. |publisher=Nature Pubg. Group |location=New York |date=10 June 2009 |accessdate=26 August 2009 }} ==Nomenclature and etymology== {|class="wikitable" 0" style="float:right; text-align:center; margin:10px" |+Classification based on human interaction |- !Population !Food source !Shelter !Socialized |- |Pedigree |Fed by owner |Human homes |Yes |- |Pet |Fed by owner |Human homes |Yes |- |Semi-feral |General feeding |Buildings |Yes |- |Feral |General feeding/foraging |Buildings |No |} The English word wikt cat English (Old English catt is in origin a loanword, introduced to many languages of Europe from Latin cattuslt;ref>|locationNew York|year1923|pages130|urlhttp://www.questia.com/read/59505424/english-words-and-their-background}} and Byzantine Greek including Portuguese language and Spanish language gato French language chat German language Katze Lithuanian language katėand Old Church Slavonic kotka among others.lt;/ref> The ultimate source of the word is Afroasiatic languages presumably from Late Egyptian čauteJean-Paul Savignac, Dictionnaire français-gaulois s.v. "chat" (Paris: Errance, 2004), 82. the feminine of čaus"wildcat". The word was introduced, together with the domestic animal itself, to the Roman Republic by the 1st century BCE. An alternative word with cognates in many languages is English [[:wikt:puss#English|puss]](pussycat. Attested only from the 16th century, it may have been introduced from Dutch language poesor from Low German puuskatte related to Swedish language kattepus or Norwegian language pus pusekatt Similar forms exist in Lithuanian puižėand Irish language puisín The etymology of this word is unknown, but it may have simply arisen from a sound used to attract a cat.lt;/ref>Websters Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. New York: Gramercy Books, 1996, p. 1571. A group of cats is referred to as a "clowder" or a "glaring",lt;/ref> a male cat is called a "tom" or "tomcat"lt;/ref> (or a "gib",lt;/ref> if neutered), a female is called a "molly"or (especially among breeders) a "queen",lt;/ref> and a pre-pubescent juvenile is referred to as a "kitten . The male progenitor of a cat, especially a pedigreed cat, is its "sire",lt;/ref> and its female progenitor is its "dam".lt;/ref> In Early Modern English the word kittenwas interchangeable with the now-obsolete word catlinglt;/ref> A Pedigree (cat) is one whose ancestry is recorded by a Cat fancy organization. A purebred cat is one whose ancestry contains only individuals of the same breed. Many pedigreed and especially purebred cats are exhibited as show cat . Cats of unrecorded, mixed ancestry are referred to as Domestic short-haired cat or domestic long-haired cat , by Coat (animal) type, or commonly as random-bred, moggies (chiefly British English , or (using terms borrowed from Dog breeds mongrels or mutt-cats. While the African wildcat is the ancestral subspecies from which domestic cats are descended, there are several intermediate stages between domestic pet and pedigree cats on the one hand and those entirely wild animals on the other. The semi-feral cat is a mostly outdoor cat that is not owned by any one individual, but is generally friendly to people and may be fed by several households. Feral cat are associated with human habitation areas and may be fed by people or forage in rubbish, but are wary of human interaction.

Taxonomy and evolution

File AfricanWildCat.jpg Felis silvestris is the ancestor of the domestic cat.]] The felids are a rapidly evolving family of mammals that share a common ancestor only 10–15 million years ago,lt;/ref> and include, in addition to the domestic cat, lions, tigers, cougars, and many others. Within this family, domestic cats (Felis catus are part of the genus [[Felis]] which is a group of small cats containing approximately seven species (depending upon classification scheme).lt;/ref> Members of the genus are found worldwide and include the jungle cat (Felis chaus of southeast Asia, European wildcat (F. silvestris silvestris, African wildcat (F. s. lybica, the Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti, and the Arabian sand cat (F. margarita, among others.lt;/ref> All the cats in this genus share a common ancestor that probably lived around 6–7 million years ago in Asia.lt;/ref> The exact relationships within the Felidae are close but still uncertain,lt;/ref> e.g. the Chinese mountain cat is sometimes classified (under the name Felis silvestris bieti as a subspecies of the wildcat, like the North African variety F. s. lybicalt;/ref> As domestic cats are little altered from wildcats, they can readily interbreed. This hybrid (biology) poses a danger to the genetic distinctiveness of wildcat populations, particularly in Scotland and Hungary and possibly also the Iberian Peninsula lt;/ref> The domestic cat was first classified as Felis catusby Carolus Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his [[Systema Naturae]]in 1758.|volume1 |edition12th |origyear1758}} However, because of modern phylogenetics domestic cats are now usually regarded as another subspecies of the wildcat, Felis silvestrislt;/ref> This has resulted in mixed usage of the terms, as the domestic cat can be called by its subspecies name, Felis silvestris catus Wildcats have also been referred to as various subspecies of F. catus but in 2003 the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature fixed the name for wildcats as F. silvestrislt;/ref> The most common name in use for the domestic cat remains F. catus following a Convention (norm) for domesticated animals of using the earliest (the senior) Synonym (taxonomy) proposed. Sometimes the domestic cat has been called Felis domesticuslt;ref name"MacDonald" /> or Felis domestica as proposed by German naturalist Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben in 1777, but these are not valid taxonomic names and have been used only rarely in scientific literature, because Linnaeuss binomial takes precedence.lt;/ref> Cats have either a Mutualism (biology) or Commensalism relationship with humans. However, in comparison to dogs, cats have not undergone major changes during the domestication process, as the form and behavior of the domestic cat are not radically different from those of wildcats, and domestic cats are perfectly capable of surviving in the wild.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> This limited evolution during domestication means that domestic cats tend to interbreed freely with wild relatives, distinguishing them from other domesticated animals.Fully domesticated house cats also often interbreed with feral F. catuspopulations.lt;/ref> However, several natural behaviors and characteristics of wildcats may have Preadaptation them for domestication as pets. These traits include their small size, social nature, obvious body language, love of play, and relatively high intelligence;lt;/ref>they may also have an inborn tendency towards tameness. There are two main theories about how cats were domesticated. In one, people deliberately tamed cats in a process of artificial selection as they were useful predators of vermin.lt;/ref> However, this has been criticized as implausible, because there may have been little reward for such an effort: cats generally do not carry out commands and, although they do eat rodents, other species such as ferret or terrier may be better at controlling these pests.lt;/ref> The alternative idea is that cats were simply tolerated by people and gradually diverged from their wild relatives through natural selection as they adapted to hunting the vermin found around humans in towns and villages. There is a population of Transcaucasus Black feral cats once classified as [[Felis daemon]]lt;small> (Konstantin Alekseevich Satunin 1904), but now population is considered to be a part of domestic cat.http://caucasian-large-mammalian.narod.ru/

Genetics

The domesticated cat and its closest wild ancestor are both diploid organisms that possess 38 chromosome lt;/ref> and roughly 20,000 genes.lt;/ref> About 250 heritable genetic disorder have been identified in cats, many similar to human Inborn error of metabolism lt;/ref> The high level of similarity among the metabolism of mammals allows many of these feline diseases to be diagnosed using Genetic testing that were originally developed for use in humans, as well as the use of cats as animal model in the study of the human diseases.lt;/ref>lt;/ref>

Anatomy

File Scheme cat anatomy-en.svg of a male]] Domestic cats are similar in size to the other members of the genus Felis typically weighing between However, some Cat breed such as the Maine Coon can occasionally exceed 11 kg (25 lb). Conversely, very small cats (less than have been reported.self-published source|dateDecember 2011|reasonMessyBeast isnt "known unreliable", but try to find something more reliable than a blog, such as a professionally edited and published book or magazine from a reputable publisher.}} The world record for the largest cat is self-published source|dateSeptember 2012}}lt;/ref> The smallest adult cat ever officially recorded weighed around Feral cats tend to be lighter as they have more limited access to food than house cats. In the Boston area, the average feral adult male will scale and average feral female lt;/ref> Cats average about 23–25 cm (9–10 in) in height and 46 cm (18.1 in) in head/body length (males being larger than females), with tails averaging 30 cm (11.8 in) in length.tertiary|biblioyes}} Cats have seven cervical vertebrae as do almost all mammals 13 thoracic vertebrae (humans have 12); seven lumbar vertebrae (humans have five); three sacrum like most mammals (humans have five because of their bipedal posture); and a variable number of caudal vertebrae in the tail (humans retain three to five caudal vertebrae, fused into an internal coccyx .lt;/ref>The extra lumbar and thoracic vertebrae account for the cats spinal mobility and flexibility. Attached to the spine are 13 ribs, the shoulder, and the pelvis Unlike human arms, cat forelimbs are attached to the shoulder by free-floating clavicle bones which allow them to pass their body through any space into which they can fit their heads.lt;/ref> File Cat skull.jpg The cat skull is unusual among mammals in having very large eye socket and a powerful and specialized jaw.*lt;/ref>Within the jaw, cats have teeth adapted for killing prey and tearing meat. When it overpowers its prey, a cat delivers a lethal neck bite with its two long Canine tooth inserting them between two of the preys vertebrae and severing its spinal cord causing irreversible paralysis and death.lt;/ref> Compared to other felines, domestic cats have narrowly spaced canine teeth; which is an adaptation to their preferred prey of small rodents, which have small vertebrae. The premolar and first Molar (tooth) together compose the carnassial pair on each side of the mouth, which efficiently shears meat into small pieces, like a pair of scissors These are vital in feeding, since cats small molar (tooth) cannot chew food effectively. Cats, like dogs, are digitigrade . They walk directly on their toes, with the bones of their feet making up the lower part of the visible leg.lt;/ref> Cats are capable of walking very precisely, because like all Felinae they directly register; that is, they place each hind paw (almost) directly in the print of the corresponding forepaw, minimizing noise and visible tracks. This also provides sure footing for their hind paws when they navigate rough terrain. Unlike most mammals, when cats walk, they use a "pacing" gait that is, they move the two legs on one side of the body before the legs on the other side. This trait is shared with camel and giraffes. As a walk speeds up into a trot, a cats gait will change to be a "diagonal" gait, similar to that of most other mammals (and many other land animals, such as lizards): the diagonally opposite hind and forelegs will move simultaneously.lt;/ref> Like almost all members of the Felidae family (biology) cats have protractable and retractable claw .lt;/ref> In their normal, relaxed position the claws are sheathed with the skin and fur around the paw s toe pads. This keeps the claws sharp by preventing wear from contact with the ground and allows the silent stalking of prey. The claws on the forefeet are typically sharper than those on the hind feet.lt;/ref> Cats can voluntarily extend their claws on one or more paws. They may extend their claws in hunting or self-defense, climbing, kneading (cats) or for extra traction on soft surfaces. Most cats have five claws on their front paws, and four on their rear paws.lt;/ref> The fifth front claw (the dewclaw is proximal to the other claws. More proximally, there is a protrusion which appears to be a sixth "finger". This special feature of the front paws, on the inside of the wrists, is the carpal pad, also found on the paws of big cat and of dogs. It has no function in normal walking, but is thought to be an anti-skidding device used while jumping. Some breeds of cats are prone to Polydactyl cat (extra toes and claws). These are particularly common along the northeast coast of North America.Cis-regulator Generate a Variable Regulatory Output Responsible for Preaxial Polydactyly |lastLettice |firstLaura A. |coauthorsHill, A. E.; Devenney, P. S.; Hill, R. E. |journalHuman Molecular Genetics |year2008 |volume17 |issue7 |pages978–985 |doi10.1093/hmg/ddm370 |pmid18156157 }}

Physiology

|class"wikitable" style"float:right; text-align:center; margin:10px" |+ Normal physiological valueslt;/ref> |- |Body temperature |38.6 °C (101.5 °F) |- |Heart rate |120–140 beats per minute |- |Breathing rate |16–40 breaths per minute |} As cats are familiar and easily kept animals, their physiology has been particularly well studied; it generally resembles that of other carnivorous mammals but displays several unusual features probably attributable to cats descent from desert-dwelling species. For instance, cats are able to tolerate quite high temperatures: Humans generally start to feel uncomfortable when their skin temperature passes about 38 °C (100 °F), but cats show no discomfort until their skin reaches around 52 °C (126 °F),and can tolerate temperatures of up to 56 °C (133 °F) if they have access to water.lt;/ref> Cats conserve heat by reducing the flow of blood to their skin and lose heat by evaporation through their mouth. They do not sweat, and Thermoregulation only at very high temperatureslt;/ref> (but may also pant when stressed). A cats body temperature does not vary throughout the day; this is part of cats general lack of circadian rhythm and may reflect their tendency to be active both during the day and at night.lt;/ref>Cats feces are comparatively dry and their urine is highly concentrated, both of which are adaptations that allow cats to retain as much fluid as possible. Their kidneys are so efficient that cats can survive on a diet consisting only of meat, with no additional water,lt;/ref> and can even rehydrate by drinking seawater lt;ref name"Wolf 1959">lt;/ref> Cats are obligate carnivores their physiology has evolved to efficiently process meat, and they have difficulty digesting plant matter.lt;/ref> In contrast to omnivore such as rat , which only require about 4% protein in their diet, about 20% of a cats diet must be protein. Cats are unusually dependent on a constant supply of the amino acid arginine and a diet lacking arginine causes marked weight loss and can be rapidly fatal.lt;/ref> Another unusual feature is that the cat cannot produce the amino acid taurine with taurine deficiency causing macular degeneration wherein the cats retina slowly degenerates, causing irreversible blindness. Since cats tend to eat all of their prey, they obtain minerals by digesting animal bones, and a diet composed only of meat may cause calcium deficiency. A cats gastrointestinal tract is adapted to meat eating, being much shorter than that of omnivores and having low levels of several of the digestive enzyme that are needed to digest carbohydrates.dead link|dateJanuary 2013}} These traits severely limit the cats ability to digest and use plant-derived nutrients, as well as certain fatty acid . Despite the cats meat-oriented physiology, several vegetarian or vegan cat foods have been marketed that are supplemented with chemical synthesis taurine and other nutrients, in attempts to produce a complete diet. However, some of these products still fail to provide all the nutrients that cats require,lt;/ref> and diets containing no animal products pose the risk of causing severe nutritional deficiencies.lt;/ref> Cats do eat grass occasionally. Proposed explanations include that grass is a source of folic acid or dietary fiber lt;/ref>

Senses

File Cat eyes 2007-2.jpg File Kittyply edit1.jpg Cats have excellent night vision and can see at only one-sixth the light level required for human vision.This is partly the result of cat eyes having a tapetum lucidum which reflects any light that passes through the retina back into the eye, thereby increasing the eyes sensitivity to dim light.lt;/ref> Another adaptation to dim light is the large pupils of cats eyes. Unlike some big cats, such as tigers, domestic cats have slit pupils. These Pupil Non-human animals can focus bright light without chromatic aberration and are needed since the domestic cats pupils are much larger, relative to their eyes, than the pupils of the big cats.lt;/ref> Indeed, at low light levels a cats pupils will expand to cover most of the exposed surface of its eyes.lt;/ref> However, domestic cats have rather poor color vision and (like most non-primate mammals) have only two types of Cone cell optimized for sensitivity to blue and yellowish green; they have limited ability to distinguish between red and green.lt;/ref> A 1993 paper found a response to mid-wavelengths from a system other than the Rod cell which might be due to a third type of cone. However, this appears to be an adaptation to low light levels rather than representing true Trichromacy vision.lt;/ref> Cats have excellent hearing and can detect an extremely broad range of frequencies. They can hear higher-pitched sounds than either dogs or humans, detecting frequencies from 55 Hertz up to 79 Hertz a range of 10.5 octaves; while humans can only hear from 31 Hz up to 18 kHz, and dogs hear from 67 Hz to 44 kHz, which are both ranges of about 9 octaves.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> Cats do not use this ability to hear ultrasound for communication but it is probably important in hunting,lt;/ref> since many species of rodents make ultrasonic calls.lt;/ref> Cat hearing is also extremely sensitive and is among the best of any mammal, being most acute in the range of 500 Hz to 32 kHz.lt;/ref> This sensitivity is further enhanced by the cats large movable outer ears (their [[Pinna (anatomy)|pinnae]], which both amplify sounds and help a cat sense the direction from which a noise is coming. Cats have an acute sense of smell, which is due in part to their well-developed olfactory bulb and also to a large surface of olfactory mucosa in cats this mucosa is about in area, which is about twice that of humans and only 1.7-fold less than the average dog.lt;/ref> Cats are very sensitive to Cat pheromone such as 3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol lt;/ref> which they use to communicate through urine spraying and marking with scent glands Cats also respond strongly to plants that contain nepetalactone especially catnip as they can detect that substance at less than one part per billion.lt;/ref> This response is also produced by other plants, such as silver vine ([[Actinidia polygama]] and the herb Valerian (herb) it may be caused by the smell of these plants mimicking a pheromone and stimulating cats social or sexual behaviors.lt;/ref> Cats have relatively few taste buds compared to humans. Domestic and wild cats share a gene mutation that keeps their sweet taste buds from binding to sugary molecules like carbohydrates, leaving them with no ability to taste sweetness lt;/ref> Their taste bud instead respond to amino acids, bitter tastes and acids.lt;/ref> To aid with navigation and sensation, cats have dozens of movable vibrissa (whiskers) over their body, especially their face. These provide information on the width of gaps and on the location of objects in the dark, both by touching objects directly and by sensing air currents; they also trigger protective blink reflex s to protect the eyes from damage.

Health

The average life expectancy for male indoor cats at birth is around 12 to 14 years,in Dogs and Cats |lastTaylor |firstE. J. |last2Adams |first2C. |last3Neville |first3R. |journalProceedings of the Nutrition Society |year1995 |volume54 |issue3 |pages645–656 |doi10.1079/PNS19950064 |pmid8643702 }} with females usually living a year or two longer.lt;/ref> However, there have been reports of cats reaching into their 30s,Example: lt;/ref> with the oldest known cat, Creme Puff (cat) dying at a verified age of 38.lt;/ref> Feline life expectancy has increased significantly in recent decades.lt;/ref> Having a cat Neutering or Spaying confers some health benefits, since castrated males cannot develop testicular cancer spayed females cannot develop Uterine cancer or ovarian cancer and both have a reduced risk of Mammary tumor tertiary|dateDecember 2011}} The lifespan of feral cats is hard to determine accurately, although one study reported a median age of 4.7 years, with a range between 0 to 8.3 years.dead link|dateJanuary 2013}}

Diseases

Cats can suffer from a wide range of health problems, including infectious diseases, parasites, injuries and chronic disease. Feline vaccination are available for many of these diseases, and domestic cats are regularly given treatments to eliminate parasites such as worms and fleas.

Poisoning

In addition to obvious dangers such as rodenticide , insecticide and herbicide , cats may be poisoned by many chemicals that are usually considered safe by pet owners. This is because their livers are less effective at some forms of detoxification than those of many other animals, including humans and dogs.lt;/ref> Some of the most common causes of poisoning in cats are antifreeze and rodent baits.lt;/ref> It has also been suggested that cats may be particularly sensitive to environmental pollutants.lt;/ref> When a cat has a sudden or prolonged serious illness without any obvious cause, it is possible that it has been exposed to a toxin. Many human medicines should never be given to cats. For example, the painkiller paracetamol (also called acetaminophen, sold as Tylenol and Panadol is extremely toxic to cats: even very small doses need immediate treatment and can be fatal.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> Even aspirin which is sometimes used to treat arthritis in cats, is much more toxic to them than to humans and must be administered cautiously. Similarly, application of minoxidil (Rogaine) to the skin of cats, either accidentally or by well-meaning owners attempting to counter loss of fur, has sometimes been fatal.lt;/ref> Essential oil can be toxic to cats and there have been reported cases of serious illnesses caused by tea tree oil including flea treatments and shampoos containing it.lt;/ref> Other common household substances that should be used with caution around cats include mothball and other naphthalene products.tertiary|dateDecember 2011}} Phenol based products (e.g. Pine-Sol Dettol (Lysol) or hexachlorophene are often used for cleaning and disinfecting near cats feeding areas or litter box s but these can sometimes be fatal.lt;/ref> Ethylene glycol often used as an automotive antifreeze is particularly appealing to cats, and as little as a teaspoonful can be fatal.lt;/ref> Some human foods are toxic to cats; for example chocolate can cause theobromine poisoning although (unlike dogs) few cats will eat chocolate.lt;/ref> Large amounts of onions or garlic are also poisonous to cats. Many houseplant are also dangerous,lt;/ref> such as [[Philodendron]]species and the leaves of the Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum , which can cause permanent and life-threatening kidney damage.lt;/ref>

Behavior

Free-ranging cats are active both day and night, although they tend to be slightly more active at night.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> The timing of cats activity is quite flexible and varied, which means that house cats may be more active in the morning and evening (crepuscular behavior), as a response to greater human activity at these times.lt;/ref> Although they spend the majority of their time in the vicinity of their home, housecats can range many hundreds of meters from this central point, and are known to establish Territory (animal) that vary considerably in size, in one study ranging from Cats conserve energy by sleeping more than most animals, especially as they grow older. The daily duration of sleep varies, usually 12–16 hours, with 13–14 being the average. Some cats can sleep as much as 20 hours in a 24-hour period. The term "wikt cat nap for a short rest refers to the cats tendency to fall asleep (lightly) for a brief period. While asleep, cats experience short periods of rapid eye movement sleep often accompanied by muscle twitches, which suggests that they are dream ng.lt;/ref>

Sociability

File Listen, do you want to know a secret.jpg in a pair]] Although wildcats are solitary, the social behavior of domestic cats is much more variable and ranges from widely dispersed individuals to Feral cat colony that form around a food source, based on groups of co-operating females.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> Within such groups one cat is usually dominant over the others.lt;/ref> Each cat in a colony holds a distinct territory, with sexually active males having the largest territories, which are about ten times larger than those of female cats and may overlap with several females territories.lt;/ref> These territories are marked by urine spraying by rubbing objects at head height with secretions from facial glands, and by defecation. Between these territories are neutral areas where cats watch and greet one another without territorial conflicts. Outside these neutral areas, territory holders usually chase away stranger cats, at first by staring, hissing, and growling and if that does not work, by short but noisy and violent attacks. Despite some cats cohabiting in colonies, cats do not have a social survival strategy, or a Herd behavior and always hunt alone. Domestic cats use many Animal communication for Cat communication including purr ng, Trill consonant hissing, growling snarl ng, Guttural and several different forms of meow ng.lt;/ref> By contrast, feral cats are generally silent.lt;/ref>Their types of Cat body language including position of ears and tail, relaxation of whole body, and kneading of paws, are all indicators of mood. The tail and ears are particularly important social signal mechanisms in cats,lt;/ref> e.g. with a raised tail acting as a friendly greeting, and flattened ears indicating hostility. Tail-raising also indicates the cats position in the groups social hierarchy with dominant individuals raising their tails less often than subordinate animals. Nose-to-nose touching is also a common greeting and may be followed by social grooming which is solicited by one of the cats raising and tilting its head. File GAto.jpg However, some pet cats are poorly socialized. In particular, older cats may show aggressiveness towards newly arrived kittens, which may include biting and scratching; this type of behavior is known as Feline Asocial Aggression.lt;/ref> File Domestic cat watching an alaskan malamute.jpg dog]] Even though cats and dogs are belived to be natural enemies, they can live together if correctly socialized. http://www.petuniversity.com/dogs/training--behavior/dogs-and-cats.htm For cats, life in proximity to humans and other animals kept by them amounts to a symbiotic social adaptation. They may express great affection towards their human (and even other) companions, especially if they Imprinting (psychology) on them at a very young age and are treated with consistent affection.It has been suggested that, Ethology the human keeper of a cat functions as a sort of surrogate for the cats mother,and that adult housecats live their lives in a kind of extended kittenhood,lt;/ref> a form of behavioral neoteny It has even been theorizedlt;/ref> that the high-pitched sounds housecats make to solicit food may mimic the cries of a hungry human infant, making them particularly hard for humans to ignore.

Grooming

File Cat tongue macro.jpg to help clean and detangle fur.]] Cats are known for their cleanliness, spending many hours licking their coats. The cats tongue has backwards-facing spines about 500 micrometre long, which are called Filiform papilla These are quite rigid, as they contain keratin lt;/ref> These spines allow cats to groom themselves by licking their fur, with the rows of papillae acting like a hairbrush. Some cats, particularly longhaired cats, occasionally regurgitate hairball of fur that have collected in their stomachs from grooming. These clumps of fur are usually sausage-shaped and about two to three centimeters long. Hairballs can be prevented with remedies that ease elimination of the hair through the gut, as well as regular grooming of the coat with a comb or stiff brush.lt;/ref> Some cats can develop a compulsive behavior known as psychogenic alopecia or excessive grooming.lt;/ref>

Fighting

Among domestic cats, males are more likely to fight than females.lt;/ref> Among feral cats, the most common reason for Catfight (animal behavior) is competition between two males to mate with a female. In such cases, most fights will be won by the heavier male.lt;/ref> Another common reason for fighting in domestic cats is the difficulty of establishing territories within a small home. Female cats will also fight over territory or to defend their kittens. Spaying females and neutering males will decrease or eliminate this behavior in many cases, suggesting that the behavior is linked to sex hormone . When fighting, cats make themselves appear more impressive and threatening by raising their fur, arching their backs, and turning sideways, thus increasing their apparent size.lt;/ref> Often, the ears are pointed down and back to avoid damage to the inner ear and potentially listen for any changes behind them while focused forward. They may also vocalize loudly and bare their teeth in an effort to further intimidate their opponent. Fights usually comprise of grappling and delivering powerful slaps to the face and body with the forepaws as well as bites. Cats will also throw themselves to the ground in a defensive posture to rake their opponents belly with their powerful hind legs.lt;/ref> Serious damage is rare as the fights are usually short in duration, with the loser running away with little more than a few scratches to the face and ears. However, fights for mating rights are typically more severe and injuries may include deep puncture wounds and lacerations. Normally, serious injuries from fighting will be limited to infections of scratches and bites, though these can occasionally kill cats if untreated. In addition, bites are probably the main route of transmission of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV).lt;/ref> Sexually active males will usually be involved in many fights during their lives, and often have decidedly battered faces with obvious scars and cuts to the ears and nose.

Hunting and feeding

Cats hunt small prey, primarily birds and rodents, and are often used as a form of pest control.Clones, Cats, And Chemicals: Thinking Scientifically About Controversial Issues - Page 9, Irwin L. Slesnick - 2004Pests of Crops in Warmer Climates and Their Control - Page 120, Dennis S. Hill - 2008 Domestic cats are a major predator of wildlife in the United States killing 1.4–3.7 billion birds and 6.9–20.7 billion mammals annually.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> The bulk of the predation the United States is done by 80 million feral and stray cats. Effective measures to reduce this population are elusive, meeting opposition from cat enthusiasts. In the case of free ranging pets, equipping cats with bells and not letting them out at night will reduce wildlife predation. Feral cats and house cats that are free-fed tend to consume many small meals in a single day, although the frequency and size of meals varies between individuals.lt;/ref> Cats use two hunting strategies, either stalking prey actively, or waiting in ambush until an animal comes close enough to be captured. Although it is not certain, the type of strategy used may depend on the prey species in the area, with for example, cats waiting in ambush outside burrows, but tending to actively stalk birds.lt;/ref> Most breeds of cat have a noted fondness for settling in high places, or perching. In the wild, a higher place may serve as a concealed site from which to hunt; domestic cats may strike prey by pouncing from such a perch as a tree branch, as does a leopard lt;/ref>Other possible explanations include that height gives the cat a better observation point, allowing it to survey its territory. During a fall from a high place, a cat can reflexively twist its body and right itself using its acute equilibrioception and flexibility.lt;/ref>This is known as the cat righting reflex An individual cat always rights itself in the same way, provided it has the time to do so, during a fall. The height required for this to occur is around 90 cm (3 feet). Cats without a tail (e.g. Manx (cat) also have this ability, since a cat mostly moves its hind legs and relies on conservation of angular momentum to set up for landing, and the tail is in fact little used for this feat.tertiary|dateDecember 2011}} This leads to the proverb "a cat always lands on its feet". File Cat-eating-prey.jpg ]] One poorly understood element of cat hunting behavior is the presentation of prey to human owners. Ethology Paul Leyhausen proposed that cats adopt humans into their social group, and share excess kill with others in the group according to the local pecking order in which humans are placed at or near the top.lt;/ref> Anthropologist and zoologist Desmond Morris in his 1986 book Catwatching suggests that when cats bring home mice or birds, they are attempting to teach their human to hunt, or trying to help their human as if feeding "an elderly cat, or an inept kitten".lt;/ref>Morriss theory is inconsistent with the fact that male cats also bring home prey, despite males having no involvement with raising kittens.lt;!--Need to add theory that its a form of gift-giving to seek approval and attention, with sources for this.--> Domestic cats select food based on its temperature, smell and texture, strongly disliking chilled foods and responding most strongly to moist foods rich in amino acids, which are similar to meat. Cats may reject novel flavors (a response termed neophobia and learn quickly to taste aversion in the past. They may also avoid sugary foods and milk; since they are lactose intolerant these sugars are not easily digested and may cause soft stools or diarrhea lt;/ref> They can also develop odd eating habits. Some cats like to eat or chew on other things, most commonly wool, but also plastic, paper, string, aluminum foil/Christmas tree tinsel, or even coal. This condition is called pica (disorder) and can threaten their health, depending on the amount and toxicity of the items eaten.lt;/ref>tertiary|dateDecember 2011}} Since cats cannot fully close their lips around something to create suction, they use a lapping method with the tongue to draw liquid upwards into their mouths. Lapping at a rate of four times a second, the cat touches the smooth tip of its tongue to the surface of the water, and quickly retracts it, drawing water upwards.lt;/ref>

Play

Domestic cats, especially young kittens, are known for their love of play. This behavior mimics hunting and is important in helping kittens learn to predation prey.lt;/ref> Cats will also engage in play fighting, with each other and with humans. This behavior may be a way for cats to practice the skills needed for real combat, and might also reduce any fear they associate with launching attacks on other animals.lt;/ref> Owing to the close similarity between play and hunting, cats prefer to play with objects that resemble prey, such as small furry toys that move rapidly, but rapidly lose interest (they become habituation in a toy they have played with before.lt;/ref> Cats also tend to play with toys more when they are hungry.lt;/ref> String is often used as a toy, but if it is eaten it can become caught at the base of the cats tongue and then move into the intestine , a medical emergency which can cause serious illness, even death.lt;/ref> Owing to the risks posed by cats eating string, it is sometimes replaced with a laser pointer s dot, which cats may chase.tertiary|dateSeptember 2012}} While concerns have been raised about the safety of these lasers, John Marshall, an ophthalmologist at St Thomas' Hospital has stated that it would be "virtually impossible" to blind a cat with a laser pointer."http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/34229.stm Eye Expert Challenges Laser Pen Danger]" BBC News 24 November 1997

Reproduction

File Cats having sex in Israel.jpg known as lordosis behavior ]] Female cats are seasonally polyestrous which means they may have many periods of Estrus over the course of a year, the season beginning in spring and ending in late autumn. Heat periods occur about every two weeks and last about 4 to 7 days. Multiple males will be attracted to a female in heat. The males will fight over her, and the victor wins the right to mate. At first, the female will reject the male, but eventually the female will allow the male to mate. The female will utter a loud yowl as the male pulls out of her. This is because a male cat's penis has a band of about 120–150 backwards-pointing penile spines which are about one millimeter long;lt;/ref> upon withdrawal of the penis, the spines rake the walls of the females vagina which is a trigger for ovulation This act also occurs to clear the vagina of other sperm in the context of a second (or more) mating, thus giving the later males a larger chance of conception. After mating, the female will wash her vulva thoroughly. If a male attempts to mate with her at this point, the female will attack him. After about 20 to 30 minutes, once the female is finished grooming, the cycle will repeat. Because ovulation is not always triggered by a single mating, females may not be impregnated by the first male with which they mate.lt;/ref> Furthermore, cats are superfecundation that is, a female may mate with more than one male when she is in heat, with the result that different kittens in a litter may have different fathers.dead link|dateJanuary 2013}} File Three-hour-old-kitten.jpg ] The gestation period for cats is between 64–67 days, with an average length of 66 days.lt;/ref> The size of a Litter (animal) averages three to five kittens, with the first litter usually smaller than subsequent litters. Kittens are weaned at between six and seven weeks, and cats normally reach sexual maturity at 5–10 months (females) and to 5–7 months (males), although this can vary depending on breed. Females can have two to three litters per year, so may produce up to 150 kittens in their breeding span of around ten years. Cats are ready to go to new homes at about 12 weeks old,lt;/ref> or when they are ready to leave their mother. Cats can be surgically Neutering (spayed or castration as early as 7 weeks to limit unwanted reproduction.lt;/ref> This surgery also prevents undesirable sex-related behavior, such as aggression, spraying (animal behavior) (spraying urine) in males and yowling (calling) in females. Traditionally, this surgery was performed at around six to nine months of age, but it is increasingly being performed prior to puberty at about three to six months.lt;/ref> In the USA approximately 80% of household cats are neutered.lt;/ref>

Vocalizations

The cat is a very vocal animal. Known for its trademark purr ng, it also produces a wide variety of other sounds. The mechanism by which cats purr is elusive. The cat has no unique anatomical feature that is clearly responsible for the sound.lt;/ref>It was, until recent times, believed that only the cats of the [[Felis]]genus could purr. However, felids of the [[Panthera]]genus (tiger, lion, jaguar and leopard) also produce sounds similar to purring, but only when exhaling.http://www.tigertouch.org/cats/overview.html Overview of Felidae]lt;/ref>verify credibility|dateSeptember 2012}}

Ecology

Habitats

File Black cat being snowed on.jpg in snowy weather.]] Cats are a cosmopolitan species and are found across much of the world. Geneticist Stephen James OBrien, of the National Cancer Institute in Frederick, Maryland, remarked on how successful cats have been in evolutionary terms: "Cats are one of evolutions most charismatic creatures. They can live on the highest mountains and in the hottest deserts."lt;/ref> They are extremely adaptable and are now present on all continents except Antarctica and on 118 of the 131 main groups of islands – even on sub-Antarctic islands such as the Kerguelen Islands lt;/ref>lt;/ref> Feral cats can live in forests, grasslands, tundra, coastal areas, agricultural land, scrublands, urban areas and wetlands.lt;/ref> Their habitats even include small oceanic islands with no human inhabitants. This ability to thrive in almost any terrestrial habitat has led to the cats designation as one of the worlds worst invasive species lt;/ref> Despite this general adaptability, the close relatives of domestic cats, the African wildcat (Felis silvestris lybica and the Arabian sand cat (Felis margarita both inhabit desert environments, and domestic cats still show similar adaptations and behaviors.

Impact on prey species

File Feral-kitten-eating-adult-cottontail-rabbit.jpg ]] To date, there are few scientific data available to assess the impact of cat predation on prey populations. Even well-fed domestic cats may hunt and kill, mainly catching small mammals, but also birds, amphibians, reptiles, fish and invertebrates.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> Hunting by domestic cats may be contributing to the decline in the numbers of birds in urban areas, although the importance of this effect remains controversial.lt;/ref> In the wild, the introduction of feral cats during human settlement can threaten native species with extinction.lt;/ref> In many cases controlling or eliminating the populations of non-native cats can produce a rapid recovery in native animals.lt;/ref> However, the ecological role of introduced cats can be more complicated. For example, cats can control the numbers of rats, which also prey on birds eggs and young, so a cat population can protect an endangered bird species by suppressing Mesopredator release hypothesis lt;/ref> In the Southern Hemisphere cats are a particular problem in landmasses such as Australasia, where cat species have never been native and there were few equivalent native medium-sized mammalian predators.lt;/ref> Native species such as the New Zealand Kakapo and the Australian Bettong for example, tend to be more ecologically vulnerable and behaviorally "naive" to predation by feral cats.lt;/ref> Feral cats have had a major impact on these native species and have played a leading role in the endangerment and extinction of many animals.lt;/ref> Cat numbers in the UK are growing and their abundance is far above the "natural" carrying capacity because their population sizes are independent of their preys dynamics: i.e. cats are "recreational" hunters, with other food sources.lt;/ref> Population densities can be as high as 2,000 individuals per km²lt;/ref> and the trend is an increase of 0.5 million cats annually.

Impact on birds

The domestic cat is probably a significant predator of birds. UK assessments indicate that they may be accountable for an estimated 64.8 million bird deaths each year. Certain species appear more susceptible than others; for example, 30% of house sparrow mortality is linked to the domestic cat.lt;/ref> In the recovery of ringed robins ([[Erithacus rubecula]] and dunnocks ([[Prunella modularis]], it was also concluded that 31% of deaths were a result of cat predation.lt;/ref> The presence of larger carnivores such as coyote which prey on cats and other small predators reduces the effect of predation by cats and other small predators such as opossum and raccoon on bird numbers and variety.lt;/ref> The proposal that cat populations will increase when the numbers of these top predators decline is called the mesopredator release hypothesis However a new study suggests that cats are a much greater menace that previously thought and that feral cats kill several billion birds each year in the United States.http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/01/30/cat_videos_cat_killing_spree/ "You thought watching cat videos was harmless fun? Think AGAIN."] On islands, birds can contribute as much as 60% of a cats diet.lt;/ref> In nearly all cases, however, the cat cannot be identified as the sole cause for reducing the numbers of island birds, and in some instances eradication of cats has caused a ‘mesopredator release’ effect;lt;/ref> where the suppression of top carnivores creates an abundance of smaller predators that cause a severe decline in their shared prey. Domestic cats are, however, known to be a contributing factor to the decline of many species; a factor that has ultimately led, in some cases, to extinction. Turnagra capensis Rallus modestus the Mergus australis lt;/ref> and the Pelecanoides urinatrix lt;ref>lt;/ref> are a few from a long list, with the most extreme case being the flightless Stephens Island Wren which was driven to extinction only a few years after its discovery.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> Some of the same factors that have promoted adaptive radiation of island Bird over evolutionary time appear to promote vulnerability to non-native species in modern time. The susceptibility inherent of many island birds is undoubtedly due to evolution in the absence of mainland predators, competitors, diseases and parasites. In addition to lower reproductive rates and extended incubation periods.lt;/ref> The loss of flight, or reduced flying ability is also characteristic of many island endemics.lt;/ref> These biological aspects have increased vulnerability to extinction in the presence of introduced species, such as the domestic cat.lt;/ref> Equally, behavioural traits exhibited by island species, such as "predatory naivety"lt;/ref> and ground-nesting, have also contributed to their susceptibility.

Cats and humans

File Girl and cat.jpg Cats are common pet in Europe and North America, and their worldwide population exceeds 500 million. Although cat ownership has commonly been associated with women,lt;/ref> a 2007 Gallup poll reported that men and women were equally likely to own a cat.lt;/ref> According to the Humane Society of the United States as well as being kept as pets, cats are also used in the international fur trade lt;/ref> for making coats, gloves, hats, shoes, blankets and stuffed toys. About 24 cats are needed to make a cat fur coat.lt;/ref> This use has now been outlawed in several countries, including the United States, Australia and the European Union.lt;/ref> However, some cat furs are still made into blankets in Switzerland as traditional medicine that are believed to help rheumatism lt;/ref> People less often eat cat meat than the flesh of other common domestic animals.

Census

There are approximately 220 million domestic cats in the world, according to the International Federation for Animal Health Europe (IFAH).lt;/ref> A few attempts to build a cat census have been made over the years, both through associations or national and international organization (such as the Canadian Federation of Humane Societies s one lt;/ref>) and over the net,lt;/ref>lt;/ref> but such a task does not seem so simple to achieve.

Feral cats

File Feral cat Virginia crop.jpg ] Feral cat are domestic cats that were born in or have reverted to a wild state. They are unfamiliar with and wary of humans and roam freely in urban and rural areas. The numbers of feral cats are not known, but estimates of the US feral population range from 25 to 60 million. Feral cats may live alone, but most are found in large groups called feral cat colony which occupy a specific territory and are usually associated with a source of food.lt;/ref> Famous feral cat colonies are found in Rome around the Colosseum and Forum Romanum with cats at some of these sites being fed and given medical attention by volunteers.lt;/ref> Public attitudes towards feral cats vary widely: ranging from seeing them as free-ranging pets, to regarding them as vermin.lt;/ref> One common approach to reducing the feral cat population is termed trap-neuter-return where the cats are trapped, neutering immunization against rabies and the feline leukemia virus and then released. Before releasing them back into their feral colonies, the attending veterinarian often nips the tip off one ear to mark the feral as neutered and inoculated, since these cats may be trapped again. Volunteers continue to feed and give care to these cats throughout their lives. Given this support, their lifespan is increased, and behavior and nuisance problems caused by competition for food are reduced.

History and mythology

File PSM V37 D105 English tabby cat.jpg Traditionally, historians tended to think that ancient Egypt was the site of cat domestication, owing to the clear depictions of house cats in Egyptian paintings about 3,600 years old. However, in 2004, a Neolithic grave was excavated in Shillourokambos Cyprus, that contained the skeletons, laid close to one another, of both a human and a cat. The grave is estimated to be 9,500 years old, pushing back the earliest known feline–human association significantly.lt;/ref>lt;/ref> The cat specimen is large and closely resembles the African wildcat (Felis silvestris lybica, rather than present-day domestic cats. This discovery, combined with genetic studies, suggest that cats were probably domesticated in the Middle East, in the Fertile Crescent around the time of the History of agriculture and then they were brought to Cyprus and Egypt.lt;/ref> In ancient Egypt cats were animal worship , with the goddess Bastet often depicted in cat form, sometimes taking on the warlike aspect of a lioness.lt;/ref>The Ancient Rome are often credited with introducing the domestic cat from Egypt to Europe;in Gallia Aquitania a 1st or 2nd century epitaph of a young girl holding a cat is one of two earliest depictions of the Roman domesticated cat.lt;/ref> However, it is possible that cats were already kept in Europe prior to the Roman Empire as they may have already been present in Britain in the late Iron Age Domestic cats were spread throughout much of the rest of the world during the Age of Discovery as they were carried on sailing ship to control shipboard rodents and as good-luck charms. Several ancient religions believed that cats are exalted souls, companions or guides for humans, that they are all-knowing but are mute so they cannot influence decisions made by humans. In Japan, the [[maneki neko]]is a cat that is a symbol of good fortune. Although there are no sacred species in Islam, some writers have stated that Muhammad had a favorite cat, Muezza lt;/ref> He is reported to have loved cats so much that "he would do without his cloak rather than disturb one that was sleeping on it".lt;/ref> Freyja the goddess of love, beauty, and fertility in Norse mythology is depicted as riding a chariot drawn by cats. Many cultures have negative superstition about cats. An example would be the belief that a black cat "crossing your path" leads to bad luck, or that cats are witches familiar spirit used to augment a witchs powers and skills. The killing of cats in Medieval Ypres is commemorated in the innocuous present-day Kattenstoet (cat parade). According to a myth in many cultures, cats have multiple lives. In many countries, they are believed to have nine lives, but in Italy, Germany, Greece and some Spanish-speaking regions they are said to have seven lives,lt;/ref> while in Turkish and Arabic traditions the number of lives is six.lt;/ref> The myth is attributed to the natural suppleness and swiftness cats exhibit to escape life-threatening situations.self-published source|dateDecember 2011}} Also lending credence to this myth is the fact that falling cats often land on their feet, using an instinctive cat righting reflex to twist their bodies around. Nonetheless, cats can still be injured or killed by a high fall.lt;/ref>

Gallery

File:Egypte louvre 058.jpg|Egyptian sculpture at the Louvre File:Freya by Johannes Gehrts.jpg|Freyja and her cats File:ConcertHall Hachinohe Tamao-Douzou.jpg|Maneki-neko File:Domestic cat with harness.jpg|Domestic cat with harness

See also

*Animal testing on cats *Cancer in cats *Cat lady *List of cat breeds *List of cats *List of fictional cats *Lolcat *Pet first aid *Pet door including cat flap *Popular cat names ;Cats by location *Cats in ancient Egypt *Cats in Australia *Cats in New Zealand *Cats in the United States

References

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External links

* * * * * * *http://brainmaps.org/index.php?pspeciesdata&speciesfelis-catus High-Resolution Images of the Cat Brain] *http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/name/Felis_catus Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography] for Felis catus *http://www.catpert.com/ Catpert. The Cat Expert] – Cat articles * View the http://www.ensembl.org/Felis_catus/Info/Index/ cat genome] in Ensembl Category Cats Category Animals described in 1758 Category Cosmopolitan species Category Felines Category Invasive mammal species Category Sequenced genomes Category Model organisms